This dashboard covers the largest economies by GDP. All stock-index returns are computed
as compound annual growth rates (CAGR) in local currency — e.g., S&P 500 in USD,
Nikkei 225 in JPY, DAX in EUR — and are therefore not comparable on a
currency-adjusted basis across countries. Real returns are derived by deflating
nominal CAGR using average local CPI inflation over the same period via the Fisher equation:
real = (1 + nominal) / (1 + avg CPI) − 1.
GDP and market-capitalisation figures are expressed in current US dollars (nominal).
Data sources:
-
GDP, inflation (CPI), unemployment, government debt, current-account balance,
and stock-market capitalisation — World Bank Open Data API
(data.worldbank.org); series NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS,
GC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS, BN.CAB.XOKA.GD.ZS, CM.MKT.LCAP.CD. Annual frequency.
-
Central-bank policy rates — Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
WS_CBPOL dataset (stats.bis.org). Monthly frequency; Eurozone uses ECB rate (XM) from 1999.
-
10-year sovereign bond yields — Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED),
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (fred.stlouisfed.org). Monthly series.
-
Quarterly GDP growth — OECD QNA dataset
DF_QNA_EXPENDITURE_GROWTH_OECD (sdmx.oecd.org); quarter-on-quarter %, seasonally adjusted.
-
Stock-index daily prices (OHLCV), P/E ratios, and dividend yields —
Yahoo Finance, retrieved via the open-source yfinance library.
Column notes:
- Nom. Ret — nominal CAGR over the stated period in local currency.
- Real Ret — inflation-adjusted CAGR using local CPI (Fisher equation).
- Real CB Rate / Real 10Y Bond — nominal rate minus latest annual CPI inflation.
- Mkt Cap / GDP % — total stock-market capitalisation as a percentage of GDP
(Buffett Indicator). Values >100 % indicate the market exceeds the size of the economy.
- % Sample Mkt Cap / % Sample GDP — each country's share of the
displayed sample total, not global totals.
- Sharpe ratio — computed using a 5 % annualised risk-free rate; volatility
annualised from daily log-returns assuming 252 trading days.